Essay about Gender Inequality - 1428 Words

In the 21st century, many people believe that we have overcome the obstacle of gender inequality and evolved into a society of fairness and righteousness. As many know, females can be just as proficient and qualified as males at any task. Though some efforts to off-set this gender imbalance is in place, it is still commonly acknowledged that many careers are stated to be a male job such as lawyers, and female jobs such as secretaries. Gender inequality is a visible fact in our society and in this essay, I hypothesize that gender inequality still exists as a result of factors such as post-secondary education differences of the two genders, role of females in families, female objectification, career choice differences of the two genders, and†¦show more content†¦This negative trend demonstrates that many females have slowly adapted to the stereotypes of the society and accepted their assigned roles in the labour force and in their family unintentionally. Conventionally, females played a very insignificant role in the paid work force of a society as many times they were expected to be home taking care of their family. Their roles at home can often include grocery shopping, meeting all the needs of her children and husband. As time moved on, our society became more accepted of sharing housework between the couples, but even so, the traditionally more feminine housework such as cooking, caring for sick children, and shopping for the entire family are mostly done by the females of the house. It is argued in a research journal Work and Occupations (Witkowski Leicht, 1995) that in an average North American family, females take on roughly three-quarters of the housework. Even though we are in a democratic society, parenting roles in the household are assigned based on gender rather than in a democratic fashion (Winslow-Bowe, 2009). Because of the many responsibilities and obligations that are associated with the female gender, their career paths are eventually affected for the worse. According to Statistics Canada (2001), for every dollar a man earns, a single woman earns 93 cents and a married woman earns 69 cents. These statisticsShow MoreRelatedEssay On Gender Inequality1127 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"superior† race/gender of a white male were typically treated as if they were less. Women and African-Americans aren’t being treated as bad today, but they’re still being treated worse than the white males of society. Even today, when white males are typically the leaders of society, it’s not always race and gender that creates inequality; sometimes it’s money that creates the issue. Not just from past evidence, but from present evidence as well, America shows signs of inequality by the way peopleRead MoreSocial Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay2163 Words   |  9 Pagesn AmericaSocial inequality is defined as the set of unequal for different social classes or statuses for various individuals within a group or society. It usually refers to people of distinct genders, ages and ethnicities. Many American’s have experienced some type of social inequality throughout their lifetime. America’s gaping inequality is seen everywhere from education to the workforce. Society tends to oversee inequality based on race, gender, and other social characteristics believe that racialRead MoreSocial Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay2091 Words   |  9 PagesSocial inequality is defined as the set of unequal opportunities for different social classes or statuses for various individuals within a group or society. It usually refers to people of distinct genders, ages, and ethnicities. Many American’s have experienced some type of social inequality throughout their lifetime. America’s gaping inequality is seen everywhere from education to the workforce. Society tends to oversee inequality based on race, gender, and other social characteristics . AmericansRead MoreGender Inequalities And Gender Inequality922 Words   |  4 PagesGender Inequalities in Education Judge Sonia Sotomayor states, â€Å"Until we get equality in education, we won t have an equal society. That quote resonates throughout the world because of gender inequality in education. Researchers believe gender inequality still exists in the 21st century. Through research, controversial opinions exist about inequality in schools and what has been done to address this situation. What is gender equality? Gender inequality refers to disproportionate dealing or assessmentsRead MoreGender Inequality : Gender Inequalities825 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Ursini Mrs. Karen Cardenas English 4 Sec 03 Sum 17 07 July 2017 Gender Inequalities Thesis: While this could be the best thing the world could accomplish if something changes, Women and men should not be segregated into their own category. Because both genders should have equal rights when it comes to working, money, households, relationships and other categories. This problem has been around for a long time but never been brought to a lot of people s attention, because of this nobody talksRead MoreGender Inequalities And Gender Inequality1791 Words   |  8 PagesGender inequalities have been around since the beginning of time, and it has been a long and bumpy road to achieve the amount of equality that we have today. Still everyday women have the risk of being discriminated against for simply being women. Depending on where these women live, what the predominate culture in the area is, and the amount of education that is allowed affects their risk of being discriminated against and the severity of the act itself. Discrimination can be displayed in formsRead MoreG ender Inequality And Gender Equality1667 Words   |  7 PagesGender inequality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is affected by gender. Gender inequality is an issue not just nationally but globally. This issue is portrayed by the mistreating of individuals, mainly women, and not valuing everyone as one. This presentation will illustrate the exploration of gender equality, propose a solution and why that solution will produce a better future for a better world. Gender inequality is a very important issue common in our world today thatRead MoreGender Equality And Gender Inequality979 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the past few decades, the gender inequality discourse have became a dominant feature of international, national and local policy debate on the subject of economic development. This policy concern has emerged as an area of scholarly research which seeks to show that improving gender equity leads to economic growth. Gender Inequality in Australia: According to the data published by Australian Bureau of Statistics in May 2015, the full time average earnings of women is $284.20 or 17.9%Read MoreGender Inequality And Gender Inequalities1787 Words   |  8 PagesGender inequality plays a critical role when it comes to social progress. As a woman, I have seen the struggles for equality to men in many aspects. Regardless of the great strides that women have achieved today, it is still hard to find equal opportunity and to be fairly recognized. Some of the areas where gender inequality is very prevalent are in areas such as, equal pay in the workplace, professional education careers, household work, sexism and discrimination just to name a few. GenderRead MoreGender Inequalities Of Sports And Gender Inequality1468 Words   |  6 PagesGender Inequalities in Sport Men throughout history have been the dominant gender, from the times of hunting with stone weapons to the modern day metal and automated machines. Many negative connotations are thought of when comparing women to men like strength, but less so when comparing men to women. Is it the society’s view that women are weaker than men or is it a natural fact brought to light? In sports women experience many prejudices, but even so some sports are equal or even female dominant

Personal Responsibility toward the Natural World - 1247 Words

Personal Responsibility toward the Natural World: The natural world is our only habitat that is a biotic system which experiences much stress to an extent that it threatens to fail in irreversible and significant ways. Currently, most of the huge environmental challenges that confront people such loss of biodiversity, climate change, pollution, and resource depletion have similar emerging patterns. Therefore, numerous changes are required to restore and stabilize the natural world into its functional integrity. In order to address the challenges effectively, there is need to examine the wellsprings of human motivation, caring, and social identity. This factor plays a critical role in understanding our personal responsibilities towards the natural world. Personal Responsibilities in Influencing Natural Resources: Some of the major problems that affect or influence our natural world and resources emanate from the increasing population across the globe that has is currently more than 8 billion people. The worlds population is estimated to be growing at a rate of 1.15 percent that accounts for 77 million people annually, which is less than the growth rate at the peak of the 1960s. While the growth rate has been decreasing significantly, there is a significant impact of the current population on the environment. This is largely because the huge population across the globe results in huge strains on the environment and natural resources. Consequently, sustaining theShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Is It True to Claim That People Have an Individual Sense of Moral Responsibility for Environment? (35 Marks)1527 Words   |  7 Pageshave an individual sense of moral responsibility for environment? (35 marks) When looking at environmental ethics, we are focusing on our attitudes towards the impact on the biological and geological aspects of our planet and whether human actions maintains or disturbs the balance between the planets different life forms and geological systems. This essay will include exploring theories and deciding whether we have an individual moral responsibility towards the environment. Many people believeRead MoreGlobalization And Culture1089 Words   |  5 Pagesto stretch its impact on the world society as a whole. The way globalisation affects many cultures through the interweaving of all different sorts of cultures. Though with a growing connection, there is an impact on culture regarding the environment, and the â€Å"Stewardship of Natural Resources†. Globalisation plays a large role in the understandings between one group of people to another, but to further express the relation between Culture and the â€Å"Stewardship of Natural Resources†, it is also importantRead MoreOur Environment : Preserving A Precious Asset923 Words   |  4 Pageshave published varying ideas about the responsibility that we, as the inhabitants of earth, possess for the natural environment. Such publications have prompted for heavy debate among writers and the general public alike regarding our debt to nature. Hundreds of years later, the heated debate continues to draw attention and cause controversy among people, resulting in countless differing notions and opinions. The debate seems to be more relevant in the modern world than it has been in the past, the reasonRead MoreApplying Christian Ethics For Everyday Life Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesapply a biblical perspective, and ethical evaluation toward sound reasoning in recognition of both the spiritual and natural world. In fact, holiness is at the core of focusing on my next decision, and admitting where I’m wrong. In this way I am not allowing the success or failure of a past decision to be the guiding force behind my future. By focusing on where God is guiding me in the here and now, I am setting myself apart from the natural flow of life, and better allowing myself to be open toRead MoreEssay on Comparative Study of Frankenstein and Blade Runner1449 Words   |  6 PagesShelley’s Romantic novel Frankenstein (1818) compares and reflects values of humanity and the consequences of our Promethean ambition against the futuristic, industrialized world of Blade Runner (1992) by Ridley Scott. The notions of unbridled scientific advancement and technological progress resonate with our desire to elevate humanity’s state of being, mirrored amongst the destructive ambition to overtake and disrupt nature and its processes. The disastrous implications of overreaching the boundaryRead Mor eHuman Resource Management And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Human Resource Management and Corporate Social Responsibility are two news that are accepted and believed as highly important to company strategies. To be in competitive businesses needs to increase productivity by finding new systems. Furthermore, HRM is a crucial tool for any business, and as well as CSR, which is becoming an important too. The growth of CSR is the result of changes in the developed world’s greater concerns for environmental deforestation, discriminatory workingRead MoreEnglish Essay on the Environment1715 Words   |  7 Pagesearths natural resources. Fingers are pointed as the blame is cast on organizations such as church and state. It appears as if humanity has refused to accept that proper environmental management is everyones duty. Even though mankind was given the mandate to be fruitful, multiply, and replenish the earth (Gen. 1: 28), it is the Christians responsibility, based on their knowledge of the Word, to preserve and restore the environment through education, change of lifestyle, and working towards betterRead MoreSustainability Revolution : Earth, The Plant We Call Home1537 Words   |  7 Pagesbalance of dynamic equilibrium—it has been sustainable— since its beginnings about 4.5 billion years ago. This balance, however, has been progressively disrupted by us— humans— especially during the last few decades. Mother Nature has provided us with natural resources and the habitat for all species to sustain life on our planet earth. These resources, however, are finite, but have the ability to regenerate within a certain time horizon that extends well beyond our lifetimes. Since the industrial revolutionRead MoreQuestions On Truth And Personal Ethics1083 Words   |  5 PagesPara 2: Truth and personal ethics Truth and personal ethics highlights any ethical system that has been selected as a moral guideline in a specific industry such as marketing ethics. Personal ethics emphasis the individual commitment to ones self to abide by their own but also the businesses code of conduct that is opposite to impurity. Being truthful and the highest personal ethics are high authority themes for ethical marketing, according to the Principles and Practices for Advertising EthicsRead MoreObesity Is A Necessity For Life1513 Words   |  7 Pagesthe obese population that has no excuse for their extreme weight. In many cases, obese people hide behind the idea that obesity is a private matter, in doing so they fail to acknowledge their responsibility to eat properly. Some may argue that obesity is caused by each individuals of lack personal responsibility, but in fact a greedy economy, and an uneducated society are the real culprits of such high obesity rates because business’ dictate how we eat. A large majority of obesity cases are caused

Bio-Medical Discourse Free Essays

Discuss the strengths and limitations of social work practice within an organization, such as a hospital, that operates from a biomedical discourse (give an example)? The biomedical discourse is one of the most influential discourses in the health care profession today (Healy, p. 20). Biomedicine is a dominant and pervasive model in health care settings and there are strengths and limitations in working within the this discourse. We will write a custom essay sample on Bio-Medical Discourse or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the strengths of working within this model, it allows you to work within a multidisciplinary team with psychiatrists, doctors, nurses, and other medical staff and this opens up a whole new perspective for social workers. We get to see the medical side of things and how that affects the person. When a medical professional see’s a patient they see the direct problem of that patient and there disease. Using this model and all of our social work skills and approaches will give us a total picture of what is happening in that person’s life by not only looking at the environment but putting other factors into place such as the biological aspect. We can help out clients navigate through the health care system and can clarify medical terms to help them feel at ease with there illness. The biomedical discourse has its limitations as well. This model works under the belief that disease’s are caused by a specific biological agents or processes and fails to take a deeper look at the individual environment and living factors. It is out job as social workers to look at all of the other factors such as environment, family, culture ect of that individual, not just the focusing on the person and modifying the person. I worked with a social worker on the cardiac rehab unit at the Glenrose Hospital and she worked with a patient that had a heart attack and had bypass surgery and is now in rehab. He was given medications to take after the surgery and most likely will be on for the rest of his life. The doctors tell the patient all about the medial procedure they just had, what current medications they are on and how to take them and what the side effects are, nut never talk about all the other factors that come into play. The social worker has to now prepare not only the patient to return home but has to prepare the family as to how there environment will be changing in order to have a safe recovery for the patient. As social workers it can be hard for us to ignore the environmental contributions in an individual’s life. The social worker only had two visits with the patient and the family, the nutritionist had another two visit’s and the physician has on going visits with the patient for as long is needed. The physician was only concerned with the disease and diagnosis of the patient and modifying the person. Another limitation is the focus on medicalization. Not everyone is in need of medical attention and to be put on medication. Our jobs as social workers are to recognize that people’s environments really do affect them. Person can come into see there GP and tell them that they are depressed, the first thing they do is put them on med’s for their depression. They don’t look at what has been going on in that person’s life, have they been through a major trauma, what changes have been happening. All they look at are the symptoms and the medications to go along side of them. This determines that the doctor is the expert and knows best. How to cite Bio-Medical Discourse, Essay examples

Revolutionary War Heroes Essay Example For Students

Revolutionary War Heroes Essay Mrs. Joanne Fortier/Mrs. Donna McDougal There were many great men in the past who have contributed greatly to the growth prosperity and independence to this country. These historical figures include such men as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. These men served their country as revolutionary war leaders and helped American to become the free and just country it is Benjamin Franklin, born January 17, 1706, was the 10th son, and 15th child, of 17 children in the Josiah Franklin family. Josiah was a soap and candlemaker, who lived in Boston, Massachusetts with his second wife, Abiah Folger. Although Franklin learned to read at an early age, he only attended grammar school for two years. By the time he was 10 years old, Franklin was working for his father. However, he didnt enjoy the candlemaking profession, and two years later, Franklin was apprenticed to his brother For five years, Franklin sought to master the printers trade. During this time, he also strove to improve his education. Franklin read numerous classic novels and perfected his writing style. One night, Franklin slipped a letter, signed Silence Dogood, under the door of his brothers newspaper, the New England Courant. That letter and the next 13 written by Franklin were published anonymously. The essays were widely read and In 1723, at age 17, Franklin left for Philadelphia. He got employed at a printing job in London, learning many important skills. He came back to Pennsylvania and had by 1730 become owner of a printing business. This is where Franklin published his first official literary work, The Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1731, Franklin founded what is considered the first public library. During the next several years, Franklin was responsible for establishing the first fire department, a police force, and the Academy of Philadelphia, which became the University of In 1732, Franklin began compiling and publishing the annual Poor Richards Almanac. With its homely virtues, it attracted a large amount of people interested in his work and made Franklins name a household word. Franklin had gotten involved in politics and represented Pennsylvania at the Albany Congress in 1754, called in response to the French and Indian Wars. In 1757, Franklin was sent to England to petition the king for the right to levy taxes. He remained in England for the next five years, and in that time he obtained permission for Pennsylvania to tax the estates of its proprietors, successfully repealed the Stamp Act, and represented the voice of several colonies. He befriended powerful British political leaders and wrote political satires and pamphlets on public affairs, helping keep the colonies During the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, Franklin spoke on the problems of society, I cannot but lamentthe impending calamities Britain and her colonies are about to suffer, from great Imprudencies on both sides- Passion governs, and she never governs wisely- Anxiety begins to disturb my rest Benjamin Franklin- In 1776, Franklin went to France, as one of three commissioners, to help negotiate The Treaty of Commerce and alliance, which was signed with Franklins help, in 1778. He then helped negotiate a peace treaty with Great Britain, signed in Paris in 1783, known as the Treaty of Paris. He remained in France for nine years, working on trade treaties. Franklin became a hero to the French, and his company was sought by diplomats and nobility. He was honored by Louis XVI, and his portrait was placed on everything Returning to the U.S. in 1785, Franklin served as a member at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 for 2 years. In 1787, he was elected the first president of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery cause. Franklin was bedridden during the final year of his life and died on April 17, 1790. As one of his final public acts, he signed a petition to the U.S. Congress urging the abolition of slavery, just two months before his death at the age of 84 in 1790. .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 , .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .postImageUrl , .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 , .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17:hover , .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17:visited , .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17:active { border:0!important; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17:active , .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17 .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9af3fc3c4b4c18500783ec5a35493d17:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: German Imperialism Essay Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a surveyor who built a substantial estate; he died in 1757 leaving Jefferson and his family a very wealthy will. His mother, the former Jane Randolph, was a member of one of Virginias most wealthy and respected families. Jefferson was the oldest of two sons; he also had six sisters. In 1760, Jefferson entered the College of William Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. He studied law with the states leading legal scholar, .

Wole Soyinka Death And The Kings Horseman Essays - Yoruba Culture

Wole Soyinka: Death and the King's Horseman Wole Soyinka: Death and the King's Horseman In his play, Death and the King's Horseman, Wole Soyinka would have us examine every clash and conflict, save for the one involving culture. Certainly this may seem the most obvious part of the play, but we would do the general understanding of Death a disservice if we ignored one of the central conflicts in the play. Every element of the play is placed in terms of two extremes, and the cultures must be considered one of those pairs. Suicide is no exception to this examination; it must be seen in the conflicting lights that Soyinka gives us: British vs. Yoruban, physical vs. metaphysical, personal vs. social; and an expression of failure vs. a form of redemption. In examining how the play divides suicide so completely through these lenses, we can better understand the actions of Elesin and Olunde. In the Yoruban world, it is clear that everything exists in a large backdrop of history and awareness of the gods and the universe. While living is a personal experience, everyone is a fragment of reality. Thus every action has an impact on everything. All Yorubans and the entire world are interconnected. This is why the community is so close and so attentive when it comes time for Elesin to follow his king to the afterworld. Elesin's suicide is a communal act. It affects everyone, alive or dead, because it has little to do with Elesin personally. It is not his choice or decision; it is something that will happen. So, on one hand, suicide is a social act in this play. However, if we examine the lenses that Soyinka gives us to see his play, we can see the conflicts develop. In the Western world, suicide is mainly seen as a personal experience. Although there is religion - Christianity - there is nothing that ties the death of one person to another in the supernatural world. If you kill yourself, that's it. You face God separately from everyone else; your life is viewed by itself. This is closely connected to the Western belief of free will. No one forces anyone to commit suicide; the definition tells us that this is a voluntary situation. So this is clearly the personal part of suicide that is present in Death. And we can see the line that divides personal and communal aspects of suicide in the tenuous position of British occupation of the Yoruba. But there is still a similarity - suicide is seen to affect everyone involved. However, there is a stark difference even in this similarity. The power of suicide on the living is physical in the Western world, and metaphysical in the Yoruban world. In Britain, the sadness comes from missing someone who clearly left the world too early - before God called them. In Africa, the sadness comes from worrying about the destruction of the universe because tradition has been broken. So we arrive back where we started; the Yorubans consider everything in terms of a larger consciousness; Westerns in terms of personal freedom and experience. When all these ideologies are forced to coalesce during the colonial occupation, Elesin's situation is bound to happen. The clash of all these opposing ideas creates the conflict that makes Death and the King's Horseman. When Elesin's mind is given a taste of the English belief of free will, he is tempted away from his birth culture. The idea that the world does not rest on his shoulders, that the afterlife of the Yoruba might be false, and that he might continue to live until God chooses to strike him down (and enjoy the splendors of life and sex) creates a hole in his core beliefs. The taste is too much and too little; it nags in the back of his mind and eventually causes his downfall at the time of his expected suicide. Suicide becomes personal, physical, and scary. And so he runs away recklessly to the Westerners. Yet the fact that Elesin lives is a failure to the Yorubans and, although a momentary success, eventually becomes a failure as well to the British. He is forced to make a bad decision because he does not fully understand the conflicting views on life and death. British beliefs are barely understood by him, and never closely scrutinized. And thus ignorance is the real catalyst for Elesin's downfall. However, as with every pair of opposites, there is also an enlightened man in Soyinka's work. Olunde is the only person in the play who seems to fully

How to Become an Editor

How to Become an Editor If your email inbox is jammed with friends and family sending you little projects like resumes, reports, or other documents to review, you might already be an unofficial editor. If finding grammatical issues in public places makes you cringe, and you want to bust out your red pen every time someone uses â€Å"supposably† on Facebook, it might be time to take your hobby to the next (professional) level. Or, if you’re like me, you have an English-type degree and aren’t sure what you want to do with, but you do know that you love reading and writing, it could be the right path for you. What Does An Editor Do?There are lots of different kinds of editors. At the most basic level, an editor is someone who ensures the quality of writing- either print or digital. They may also:manage projects from start to finish.review topics in specialty areas (like medical, technical, or legal writing) for accuracy.make decisions about what content should be included in a book, public ation, or website.select books for publication.organize writing into a coherent structure.copyedit and proofread material for grammar, style, and proper usage.factcheck content before publication.work with writers to shape, develop, and refine their writing- fiction or nonfiction.rewriting content, or writing supplemental material, like introductions, headlines, notes, etc.hire content writers.consult on layout and design.develop content strategies for publications or publishers.You find editors wherever there are words presented to the public, basically. They’re employed by book publishing companies, newspapers, magazines, companies in all industries for in-house and corporate communications, websites, and other places that need to deal with content. Think of an editor as a content wrangler, in all of its many forms. Let’s look at some of the more common career paths for editors: [via PayScale]What Skills Do Editors Have?Editors are multitaskers. They have to be write rs, judges, fix-it-fast technicians, managers, and shepherds.These are some of the most crucial skill sets that you’d need as an editor:Editors are organizational enforcers. They work on deadlines (often short and unforgiving ones) and with sets of rules (like page limits or layouts) to make sure the writing is as good as it can be for the target format.Strong writing  and verbal skills are a must for editors. Sure, you may be working with other people’s writing instead of your own, but you need to be able to recognize good writing if you’re going to fix writing that needs a little help. That means you need to be able to understand what others are putting out there, and be able to revise/refine that as necessary. It also means you should be able to express your own thoughts clearly as well. Communicating back and forth is an essential part of any editor’s job.Part of being an editor is not only making tough decisions about content or writing, but also c ommunicating to the writer why you think these changes are important. This means being able to navigate sometimes difficult conversations with a broad array of personalities. Some writers are open to constructive feedback. Others†¦are not. True story: I once had an author email me on Christmas Eve, and let me know that I’d ruined her holiday by communicating a change to her book. Part of being a professional editor is being able to manage the writer/editor relationship with diplomacy and patience.Always one of the bedrock freelance careers, freelance editing is one of the best ways to dip your toes into the career if you’re new to the field, or not quite sure this is what you want to do full-time. That means you need to have some hustle in you, networking and always on the lookout for potential new jobs.You’ll need attention to detail. â€Å"Close enough† should not be in your professional vocabulary as an editor. Whether it’s a fact that seem s questionable or a stray comma, a pair of eagle eyes is one of your biggest professional assets as an editor.Being an editor often means being able to roll with new technologies. Knowing the latest design and layout programs, or editing software, will be key in finding and keeping editorial jobs. Basic coding skills are a huge plus for your resume as well. Content is a fast-moving industry, so a red pen alone just won’t cut it anymore.Content expertise is a must. There’s a big world of writing out there, and no one can be an editor for all things. Whichever lane you’re in, make sure you’re as knowledgeable as you can be. For example, if you specialize in editing medical writing for journals, read as much as you can in your field. Know your trends. If you’re an editor for an online food site, know what the latest foodie trends are.What Education Do Editors Need?There’s no hard-and-fast rule about how much education editor should have. You do n’t need any special licensing or certification to be an editor. However, most editorial jobs do require at least a college degree. A degree usually assures a base line of reading, writing, and critical thinking skills, but you don’t necessarily have to have a degree in English, Literature, Creative Writing, or similar disciplines (though those do help if you want to go into traditional book editing). The most important part is having strong writing, verbal, and communication skills, and developing experience. And in fact, if you want to specialize in an area like legal editing or medical editing, a degree in one of those subject areas might be just as useful as English or Communications.Editors should always be open to continuing education as well. Many schools, like New York University, Emerson College in Boston, and the University of Denver offer graduate programs in publishing. Many online schools, community colleges, four-year colleges and universities, and techni cal schools also offer individual classes in types of editing, proofreading, or other skill-building areas for editors. Editors may also want to take classes in graphic design, publishing software, web design, or project management to develop their supplemental skills as well. Sites like Mediabistro (which will become your new best friend, BTW, if you’re an editor) have great information about classes and training opportunities available to writers and editors.Many editors start with internships at publishing companies or specific publications, to build skills and gain experience in the field.To Freelance or Not to Freelance?While there are traditional full-and part-time jobs out there for editors, many people opt to go the self-employment route, and create a freelance editing career path for themselves. This is also the way to go if you’re adopting editing as your side hustle before you make it your career. If you’re interested in becoming a freelance editor, t wo of the first things you should do are 1) build a great resume packed with strong experience bullet points, and 2) keep growing your network.How Much Do Editors Get Paid?Let’s just say that editing is a career you choose for love, not necessarily money. That’s not to say you can’t earn a living as an editor (you can!), but, well, when was the last time you heard anyone referred to as â€Å"millionaire editor So-and-So†? (If you have heard that recently, definitely let me know. Asking for a friend.) Because there are so many different kinds of editors working on different types of projects, the compensation levels vary too.As a general group, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics pegs the median editorial salary at $56,010 per year, or $26.93 per hour. PayScale puts editor salaries in an even broader range, from $32,810 to $80,595Here are some of the median pay stats for different kinds of editors:Magazine Editor: $48,509Copy Editor: $41,325Associate Book Editor: $42,761Content Manager: $53,575Book Editor: $49,332Web Editor: $48.030Variable factors include level of experience, location (cities like New York and Chicago are often hot spots for editorial jobs), and full-time salary vs. freelance or project-based rates.What is the Outlook for Editors?While the field isn’t expected to grow as much as some industries (particularly tech and healthcare), editors are a perennial need, especially as people push to have quality content available in every conceivable print and digital form.So what do you think? Are you ready to pick up your red pen (or red pen app) and start content-managing for your supper?

Compare and contrast societies of medieval China, Arabic Caliphate, Essay

Compare and contrast societies of medieval China, Arabic Caliphate, and Christendom (Western Europe) - Essay Example The discussion of class structure shall encompass status symbols and interactions between members of different social classes. Utilizing such literature as â€Å"Po Hsing-chien,† â€Å"Su Shih,† â€Å"Ssu-ma Kwang,† â€Å"Marco Polo,† â€Å"The Hunchback† and â€Å"The Man who Never Laughed Again† from 1001 Nights, the Qu’ran, â€Å"Al-Farabi,† the Black Death reading, Matthew, Acts, Romans, The Life of Charlemagne, Chaucer’s Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, and the Magna Carta, conclusions can be drawn that will aid in the comparison of these three societies.. First to be compared among the previously stated societies is religion. One determining factor of any religion is the belief in the metaphysical or supernatural, such as a God or Gods. In medieval China, common was the belief in a multitude of spirits with different powers. For example, Miss Li and her lover in Po Hsing-Chieng visited the spirit of the Bamboo Grove in order to receive assistance in conceiving a child. (Po Hsing-Chieng, 303). Arabic Caliphate embraces a belief in one God, known as Allah. (Qu’ran). According to the Biblical book of Acts, Christendom encompassed a belief in a holy trinity, which included the Holy Spirit, God the Father and God the Son. (Acts, 2). Both Arabic Caliphate and Christendom were considered monotheistic religions, meaning they believed in one God, while medieval China seemed to embrace a belief in many spirits. It is also practical to examine each society’s members’ relationships to their God(s). Evidence from literature provides that people in medieval China thought they were consistently being watched and judged by the gods in terms of honor and morale. In â€Å"Po Hsing-Chien,† Miss Li tells her mother that they need to help the young man because the spirits would not be on their side for the bad things they had already done to him. (Po Hsing-Chien, 305). In Arabic Caliphate trust was placed in the will of

Home birth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Home birth - Essay Example A low risk women can plan a home birth supported with all the medical care, can be transferred to hospital if needed rather, than planning hospital birth initially. Women find labor very easy to deal; since they feel control over the delivery and they have to use less drugs to cope with pain. They use methods like massage or births pools; moreover, at home she is at ease and can use any positions she likes. For the first time mothers, the need of transferring to hospital is very high compared to the mothers who have had already one delivery. But there is small chance of transferring the mother and baby to hospital after the baby is born; the problem might arise with the delivery of placenta or if the baby has problem in breathing. The most common reason for transfer is a long labor or slow progress, when either the mother or the baby gets tired and further monitoring or assistance is needed. (Briefing the Journalists, March 2006) Women who desire to have home birth will know their midwife well and if she is attended by community midwives then they team upto eight. She also meets the midwife during pregnancy. Many hospitals provide a list of midwives that can be contacted if the expecting mother requires midwifery help. (Briefing the Journalists, March 2006), (Vedam, 2003). Most women who give birth in hospital say that making journey to the hospital have to make a journey to hospital during labor is a matter of routine. Most home births also cause very little mess, a waterproof sheet on the floor is sufficient and moreover, midwives bring supplies of large absorbent pads to protect surfaces and they clear up everything after the birth (Briefing the Journalists, March 2006), (Vedam, 2003). If the women doesn’t find the local community midwife care upto the mark or has difficulty in booking a local midwife, she can book and an independent midwife. Independent midwives are equipped with experience of

Is a Publicly Funded Transit System Reasonable Essay

Is a Publicly Funded Transit System Reasonable - Essay Example The essay "Is a Publicly Funded Transit System Reasonable?" talks about a transport agency Toronto Transit Commission which operates streetcars, rapid transit, and transit bus services in Canada, Ontario and Toronto. It is the quickest and most convenient way to get into Toronto. Currently, the public sector runs this commission. As much as many people may prefer running institutions privately, public good funded systems are better managed. Public or common good as defined by John Rawls as a general condition that is equally advantageous to everyone. By using public good, affordable and accessible services are available to both workers and consumers of the service. It also promotes a political and just legal system in the country. Public good in a transport system actively creates a better environment that may be defined, creates justice, and a liberal, fair social infrastructure that permits the pursuit of virtue. Publicly funded transit system provides competitive advantages. An ar gument for the public good in the transport system is based on the philosophy of John Rawls of Justice is fairness. Any person participating in a practice or is affected by it poses an equal right to a more general liberty compatible with liberty for all. Inequality is arbitrary unless it is illogical to expect that it will work out as an advantage to everyone, and provided the offices and positions to which it attaches is open to all. It is always a right of any person in Toronto to get access to inalienable good public transportation.

Humour in Don Quixote

Humour in Don Quixote Don Quixotes initial reception in the Seventeenth Century was as a work of humour; Cervantes ability to reflect and imitate reality through the ironic juxtaposition of his two main characters played a focal role in both driving the plot and attracting the attention of his readers in the Golden Age. The existence of humour is undeniable throughout the novel, and Henry Fieldings attempts to attract readers to his comic romance Joseph Andrews by linking it to Don Quixote, claiming that he had written it in imitation of the manner of Cervantes places the work as an exemplary novel, from which humour can not only be taken, but utilised to inspire and promote other works. However, humours level of importance becomes clouded with time, as the novels distinct link to the circumstances in which it was created and the effects of cultural change could perhaps affect its level of significance in the modern mind. Daniel Eisenburgs claim that The humour of Don Quixote is the most understudied topi c of the work can be seen throughout the novels later reception, as the emergence of Romanticism in Europe saw a radical reconsideration of the traditional view of Don Quixote as merely a humorous book. The romantics recognised the straightforward amusement that drove the plot, but viewed humour as less important than the moral values and literary instruction offered and humour was conceived as a vehicle through which Cervantes was able to satirise the overstated chivalric romances of the time and engage with topics of importance. The use of parody in Don Quixote becomes a literary technique that pervades the adventures and experiences of the characters, amplifying the importance of humour in the novel. Russells assertion that Any serious study of Cervantes book†¦must start from the fact that it was conceived by its author as an extended parody of romances of chivalry illustrates the importance of the humour of parody in the novel. Cervantes uses the inherently humorous picaresque form as a basis from which he can explore the quest of a man of a low social class in a fraudulent society; satirising the artificial chivalric age in which he was writing. Don Quixote transforms his view of Maritornes, following the language and customs of chivalric romance, her hair was like a horses mane, but he saw it as strands of gleaming Arabian gold to which Cervantes narrates, Neither touch nor smell nor any of the good maidens other attributes could make him notice his mistake, even though theyd have made anyone but a muleteer vomit. Similarly, the ironic use of archaic language, an elevated style often used to dignify the hero in chivalric romance, is evident when addressing his Dulcinea, O princess Dulcinea, mistress of this hapless heart! Great injury have you done me in reproaching and dismissing me, with the cruel command not to appear in the presence of your wondrous beauty. Vouchsafe, my lady, to be mindful of this your subject heart, which suffers each sorrow for love of you. Literary voice is key to humour and Cervantes employment of numerous voices, both depicted and defined the importance of social classes, allowing the audience to derive much of their enjoyment from the way in which the author disclosed the different voices. Sanchos colloquial and informal speech is important in emphasising his difference from Don Quixote; his use of contractions youll, wont and Ill in the line, Youll be sure, wont you, sir knight, not to forget what you promised me, about the island. Ill be up to governing it all right, however big it is is set in complete contrast to Don Quixotes high styled, formal response, I would have you know, my good friend Sancho Panza, that it was a custom much in use among the knights errant of old to make their squires the governors of the islands or kingdoms that they conquered, and I have determined that such an ancient usage shall not lapse through my fault. However, the depth of Cervantes humouring of chivalric romance could be conside red a moot point, and thus the importance of humour as a faà §ade through which real topics may be discussed, is strengthened, as the allusion to one of the original chivalric epics, the Valencian novel Tirant Lo Blanch, is one of admiration, in which it is claimed that As far as style is concerning this is the best book in the world. In addition, Cervantes uses his novel in a more negative way, to explore his frustration at literature in society; the highly ironic allusion to the works of one of the most successful playwrights of the time, Lope de Vega, infers that there is further depth to Cervantes discussion in the book, as he uses the priest as an outlet to explore the critical view that these modern plays are just mirrors of absurdity, exemplars of folly and images of lewdness. Cervantes intentions for humour in Don Quixote are illustrated in his Prologue, in which his friend reveals the books comedic objectives: Ensure that the melancholy man is moved to laughter when he reads your story, the jovial man laughs even more. However, one must consider that the role of humour becomes of greater significance than a mere stimulus endeavouring to invoke a humorous response; it is through the medium of humour and comedy that Cervantes is able to reveal himself as an illustrious author, through his exploration of genuine views of society and culture; Schmidt explains that Cervantes has created †¦characters who, although funny, transcend humour in their nobler qualities. The elevation of the character Don Quixote is necessary for the ennoblement of the author Cervantes. The basic allegory of Don Quixote is central to Cervantes exploration of society through humour. Cervantes attacks the conventional notion that those in high society were respectable and noble an d creates disparities between worth and class. In comparison to medieval comedy, humour in Don Quixote has a significant intention to explore social function, suggesting that through the means of humorous self-imposed madness, the characters can response to the institutionalised madness of their society at the time. This seems to be a theme that Cervantes wished to discuss thoroughly through literature, as it is also explored in his novel The Glass Graduate; many parallels can be drawn between the two works, as both novels encounter men who are thought to be mad and who serve, unintentionally, as some means of entertainment. Whilst The Glass Graduates lunacy originates from the unfortunate ingestion of a toxic quince, Don Quixotes madness is rooted in his literary interest in chivalric romances, a more realistic and solid source. Similarly, Umberto Ecos later novel The Island of the Day before is reminiscent of Don Quixotes immersion within literary works, as the protagonist Roberto becomes so captivated with fiction that he becomes unable to separate his written words from the external reality. The methods of humour used by Cervantes in Don Quixote are vital in reflecting, summarising and exploring the ordinary, yet inverted, world of the novel. The comedic inversion and transformations of chivalric codes are fruitful throughout the novel and Don Quixotes imagination is expounded in ordinary terms by Sancho, who provides a second perspective on his masters wild claims, What you were attacking wasnt armies, it was flocks of sheep. The appearance of the characters provides the first notion of humour, as the old and physically unattractive Don Quixote provides direct contrast to the young, handsome and strong knight to which Cervantes audience would be accustomed. Similarly, Sanchos role as the young assistant sees him as a middle aged man on a donkey, which is far removed from the original picture of a knights young aspirant. The two characters are juxtaposed in physicality; one being long and weak, and the other plump and unhealthy, yet the mental contrast is more severe, as Sanchos traditional materialism, practically enquiring about monetary support (QUOTE) is set against Don Quixotes idealism and imagination, Consider, ladies and gentleman, the sheer impudence of this squire claiming that this is a basin and not the helmet I have specified. Cervantes use of bawdy humour is reminiscent of Chaucers Canterbury Tales, in which the humour descends to the exploration of bodily functions and nudity; for example, scenes such as Absolons kissing a naked ers in a practical joke in The Millers Tale are reinvented in Sanchos efforts to thrust two ample buttocks in the air in an attempt to relieve himself in silence without waking Don Quixote, who humorously later asked What murmuring is that, Sancho?. Similarly, the bawdy humour is later evident in Sanchos experience with the precious balsam, which Don Quixote later reveals it seems to me that this liquor does not benefit those who are not knight†¦.the poor squire began to gush at both ends. Cervantes also employs an element of slapstick humour, which is not only scripted blatantly in the sub text of a title, Which related to the amusing way in which Don Quixote had himself knighted, but through the mockery of individual characters and creation of ridiculous scenes; the description of the proud Don Quixote in battle as attacking them, chased around in circles and achieved nothing is evidence of the former and the scene in which The barbed made a long beard from a pale oxtail certainly encompasses that of a absurd incident. Nevertheless, each scene does not simply serve as an effort to provide hilarity; scenes of equal absurdity such as his MONK QUOTE, could be examined as exposing Cervantes own biases against important topical issues, such as the mistrust of foreigners following the present of the Algerian pirates on the Spanish coast in the early Seventeenth Century. However, despite the outrageous situations in which the characters are involved, it could be argued that the common interpretation of Don Quixote as a tender satire is mistaken and that the work is in fact an attack of viciousness on a man who is entirely without malice and trustful as a child. Byron supports this claim in Don Juan, claiming that, Of all tales tis the saddest and more sad, because it makes us smile. It is evident that Don Quixote is a parody of the romances of Cervantes time, yet the code of honour that both Don Quixote and Sancho follow is one that was once admired, and is perhaps an historical suggestion that could serve as an example for Spain. At a time in which the country was caught in the disorder of a new age, this could be viewed as Cervantes effort to place sturdy values in an ever-shifting society. Don Quixotes naivety, believing the convicts would obey his wishes to be grateful for benefits received†¦present yourselves before the Lady Dulcinea is pe rhaps a characteristic that Cervantes hoped would stimulate empathy, which was certainly the stance occupied by Nabokov, His blazon is pity, his banner is beauty. He stands for everything that is gentle, forlorn, pure, unselfish and gallant. The Parody has becomes a paragon. David Quint responded to this claim directly, maintaining that The deficiency may partially explain Nabokovs contempt for Don Quixote as an unfunny work of fiction, since his preferred English translation was Putnams, a translation that is plain and readable, but (perhaps consciously) hardly very funny. It is possible that as a result of its conversion to English, much of the humour Cervantes intended has been misplaced in translation; thus, our conception of the importance of humour in England could differ greatly from that of the indigenous reader. John Ormsby supports this concept in his claim that, the sententious terseness to which the humour of the book owes its flavour is particular to Spanish, and can at best be only distantly imitated in any other tongue. In conclusion, Nabokovs reflection that Don Quixote has ridden for three hundred and fifty years through the jungles and tundras of human thought is of great significance when considering the importance of humour in the novel, as it is perhaps due to inconclusive translations and cultural change that all of Cervantes intended humour was not fully recognised. Cervantes exploration of humour through situation, action and description are all perfectly interwoven to produce a novel that stands in a exclusive position between the chivalric romance and the modern novel. It is undeniable that humour (however present) plays a significant role in Don Quixote, as it not only entertains, but holds a profound and liberating importance as a means of communicating issues of great social and literary significance.

Peaceful Pond :: essays papers

Peaceful Pond My Pond an escape, a release, an excursion from normal day to day activities. The Pond is no more than 3/10ths by 1/10th of a mile in dimensions. It is set back among luscious green and yellow pine and maple trees and surrounded by regularly mowed green grass. The mixes of green shades are similar to a young child's drawing using 5 different bright green and yellow markers. You can spend many hours simply thinking on top of a rock protruding from the ground towards the east side of the Pond. A thinking rock, as you could sit next to the pond for as long as you can remember. The rock is about 5 feet tall off the ground and about 20 feet in circumference around the base. The top of the rock is leveled, forming a level bench. This flat bench has provided a good seat over the years allowing you to peer out across the Pond. You could look around yourself and ponder the questions of life and become fascinated with everything around you as well as listen to the sounds of nature. I hear many sounds; the ribbit of a dirty-green plump frog hidden amongst the underbrush, chirps of birds high in the sky, and the soft wind as it rustles leaves on the trees. The most amazing scene you can witness many times along this pond is the ducks. Every few days, you can see a family of ducks traveling across the green grass. The smallest duck, no more than 4 inches tall, would march proudly near the end of the pack. You see sparse, thin clumps of down over his otherwise bare self as he bellows, with his newborn duckling voice, a high pitched quack. As your eyes follow the family towards the frond of the line, the elder ducks appear covered with stiffened slick feathers. Being the more grown and mature ducks in this family, their quacks are extremely sharp and given off in a shrill loud pitched voice.

Women’s Right to be Educated

Before the Revolutionary War education was undergoing many changes. One of these changes was that many people, like the Puritans, felt that education was the key to help a person be successful in life. The idea was that if you were successful in life, then you would be spiritually successful also. The only problem with the Puritan's ideas was that it left out women. For a woman, in order to be successful, she had to raise her family in the way of the Church, and obey her husband. If she were to do this, she would achieve spiritual success. But the philosophy was mainly focused on the breadwinners of the family. A woman's role in society was not as noticeable to achieve merit. Their primary role was to stay at home and take care of the children. Also, they would help their husband in many of his daily activities. Women were being excluded from education, society, and power. The turning point for women though, was the Revolutionary War. Many women were left at home to take care of all of the responsibilities around the house or farm. With this new set of responsibilities, women began to think a little bit. They began to wonder why they hadn't been able to obtain any sort of social power. The fact remains that women had no power at this time because of historical reasons. Historically men had been the heads of the household. And with the strong religious beliefs of the time women couldn't change that. The Bible was a clear-cut answer to who should run the home. A woman's function from the perspective of the Bible was to be a mother and to be obedient to their husbands. Women didn't need education in order to be mothers and or to be obedient. Women had been educated before the turn of the Revolutionary War. But the education they were getting was not equal to that of the men or clergy. Really, the only education they were getting was the education that was taking place in the Church, separated from men. Before the War, women had a 40% literacy rate. This meant that 40% of the women's population could sign their name. They were only allowed to learn about the Bible and their religion. So historically women only needed enough education in order to stay at home and do domestic labor, and also to take care of their children. Secondly, men had been supporting the family for centuries. So all in all women had no power whatsoever. They had no voice in society, except for the raising of the children and the instillment of morality over their children. This would later be helpful as women started teaching. Before the War women had been dependent upon men. Now that the men were gone fighting, the women had no choice but to take over the responsibilities of supporting the family. This caused women to start thinking about their situation. They started to wonder why it was that they could do everything a man could do now, but they weren't being treated as though they were equal. They had no education, no power, no voice, and were now supporting the family. After the War was over some very interesting social groups popped up. One of these groups was called the Loyal Citizens. The Loyal Citizens group was a woman's group that was formed in order to uphold the â€Å"Republican Motherhood†. The basic idea here was that women should shape their sons in the image of the Republic. Also, the mothers should shape their daughters to become good Republican Mothers. This and other groups would be a powerful influence on the unification of women. For one of the first times we see women joining together in a common voice. Women are starting to understand that they aren't going to get anywhere unless they are unified. Meanwhile many schools were developing with the intention to educate women. The economy was booming which created many job openings for men. This left a void to be filled in the schools. For the private schools this meant that they weren't going to be able to stay open unless they were able to fill the open spots. So in order to fill the need, many women were educated in Proprietary schools. The education in these schools was not the same as the education in an all-male school. These schools were actually beauty and technical schools. Although, women were not receiving the same education as men, the education they were receiving would also have a large impact on the unification of women. Education at this time was responsible for unifying the country and shaping children as talked about in previous papers. With the education of women starting to be accepted, there was an explosion of girls schools called academies. This was around 1807-1808. The purpose of the academies was to teach grammar and etiquette. Some of them were actually finishing schools. Academies were a huge step for women's education. Women finally had a school that they could call their own. As women became educated, men started to wonder if women's education would interfere with their opportunities. The argument was made that education would not make women discontent with their roles in life, but instead would lead them to accept their place in society more easily. Here it is obvious to see that the women are having to justify their education to the men in order to continue. Women's education is still not accepted among society because the people in power, who were men, heavily influenced society. Hence, women still had little opportunity to do anything with this newfound education. In the early part of the 19th century, many of the common schools were undergoing dramatic changes. With such an onslaught of women becoming educated, there would soon be a large percentage of women who would need jobs. As the common schools began to increase in size, the demand for teachers rose. The women that had recently found education would soon meet the demand for teachers. One of the reasons for this was that women could be given less pay than men. And education was in great demand with the signing of the Northwest Ordinance. The majority of women's teaching was at the elementary school level. They would have approximately 40 to 100 kids all of whom were between the ages of 3 and 16. The only qualification that a woman needed to teach was that she had to have graduated from elementary school. With little education, women would start teaching with as little as 1 week of training in etiquette. In 1839 Horace Mann would come back from Europe and start to influence the way teachers were being educated. He developed the Normal School. It would teach the basic methods of teaching. He borrowed these methods from the Prussian education system. Later, in 1861 the Oswego Normal School would be a forerunner of all of the Normal Schools by placing even more emphasis on the learning of teaching methods. Normal Schools became an outlet for women. They could be educated to become teachers because society's views were changing. Finally in 1837, Oberlin College started accepting women and African Americans. Economically it had become cheaper to educate both the girls and boys. Society had become more egalitarian because of this push for women to educate themselves. But equality was far away. Society had changed. There was a need for women to come out of the home and into the workplace. But was this for the best. Women today still struggle to find equality in the workplace. Society, which was run by men, allowed women to come out of the home and to teach. So women did make a great stride in the right direction, but only because they were let to go there. Margaret Haley was an activist for women's power and a vehement supporter of teacher's unions. She noticed that women had no power and were still confined by the bounds that were placed upon them by men. Examples of this were that women would have to report to male administrators and were constantly scrutinized by men. She wanted to level the playing field by empowering women. She was also responsible for the American Federation of Teachers, which would later be known as the AFLCIO. With women being educated, the only thing left for them to do was to gain power and to someday give society the gentle touch of a woman. Women had learned the role of the Republican Mothers. There was no better way to teach a child than to have a woman who already understood their role as a mother. This role would be to shape the children they would teach into sons and daughters of America. Women were the perfect teachers. They had been teaching their own children for years how to be moral and responsible citizens. Through their struggle women eventually won their suffrage and would have a larger voice in the country. But even today there are still ripples from the pond that reach us. Women still struggle daily with trying to achieve total equality. Hopefully, they will win their fight!

Health Service Adminstrator Example

Health Service Adminstrator Example Health Service Adminstrator – Article Example The article, ‘Medicare Fraud: A $60 billion Crime’ on CBSNews is hugely relevant because it shows how the quality of healthcare is adversely impacted by the increasing fraud in the Medicare services. With about $60 billion a year, it has turned into the most profitable crime in America. The small clinics and pharmacies in the low rent strip malls are the dens from where the crooks operate. The fraud is committed by by the various service providers like doctors, chemists, laboratory tests, medical goods supplier etc. The claims for number of eligible patients may be exaggerated or the consultancy may be charged for inflated number of hours. There is misappropriation of accounting for the supply of medicines or medical equipment to the hospital. People also benefit through kickbacks that are received by the concerned party when the goods and services are over-billed to the government department and the profit is shared by the vested interests. As a Health Service Administr ator, I sincerely believe that Medicare is vital part of healthcare imperatives that must be passed on to the eligible patients who need it. There should be transparency and ethical consideration in the area of Medicare services. Hence, I would ensure that state of the art information system is maintained with electronic records of all patients with their medical history. I will also ensure that data pertaining to sale and purchase of all goods and services provided by the various service providers is kept in a transparent manner. These are important issues that undermine the accountability and considerably influence performance outcome.(words: 260)Reference CBSNews. (September 5, 2010). Medicare Fraud: A $60 billion Crime. Retrieved from cbsnews.com/stories/2009/10/23/60minutes/main5414390.shtml

Free Essays on The Roll Of HRM At FedEx

William R. Tracey, in The Human Resources Glossary defines Human Resources as: â€Å"The people that staff and operate an organization †¦ as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organization. The organizational function that deals with the people ...† (Heathfeild, M. Susan, 2004) The roll Human Resource Management at FedEx Trade Networks Transport Human Resources effect the total output and quality needed to reach the goals set by the organization. After speaking with my Human resource manager, John Young, he pointed out some of these Human Resource Management Functions: human resource planning, recruitment, and selection; human resource development; compensation and benefits; safety and health; employee and labor relations; and human resource research (Young, John 2004). Human resource planning is the process of reviewing the human resource requirements to ensure that the required numbers of employees, with the required skills, are available when needed. Recruitment is the process of attracting individuals to apply for jobs with the organization. Selection is the process though which the organization chooses, from a group of applicants, those best suited for the open positions and the company. Human resource development helps individuals, groups, and the entire organization become more effective. Compensation and Bene... Free Essays on The Roll Of HRM At FedEx Free Essays on The Roll Of HRM At FedEx William R. Tracey, in The Human Resources Glossary defines Human Resources as: â€Å"The people that staff and operate an organization †¦ as contrasted with the financial and material resources of an organization. The organizational function that deals with the people ...† (Heathfeild, M. Susan, 2004) The roll Human Resource Management at FedEx Trade Networks Transport Human Resources effect the total output and quality needed to reach the goals set by the organization. After speaking with my Human resource manager, John Young, he pointed out some of these Human Resource Management Functions: human resource planning, recruitment, and selection; human resource development; compensation and benefits; safety and health; employee and labor relations; and human resource research (Young, John 2004). Human resource planning is the process of reviewing the human resource requirements to ensure that the required numbers of employees, with the required skills, are available when needed. Recruitment is the process of attracting individuals to apply for jobs with the organization. Selection is the process though which the organization chooses, from a group of applicants, those best suited for the open positions and the company. Human resource development helps individuals, groups, and the entire organization become more effective. Compensation and Bene...

The 1979 Revolution and Modern Day Iran Research Paper

The 1979 Revolution and Modern Day Iran - Research Paper Example This paper gives a detailed analysis of the history of Iran from the time of the revolution of the 1979 to the modern day Iran. The Shah The Rise of the Shah Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi came to power in 1941 after the allied forces forced his father to abdicate the throne to him fearing that the father would cooperate with the Nazi Germany (Rehan, 4). By doing this the allied forces hoped to develop a great influence in the region. However, in the early 1950s the allied forces got a rude shock when Shah’s hold on power was challenged by the Prime Minister, Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh. Under the country’s constitutional monarchy the prime minister had a lot of powers and Mossadegh took advantage of this power and nationalized Iran’s petroleum industry without the knowledge of the British and the US (Rehan, 4). This move angered the two countries and in 1953 they organized a coup de tat that deposed Mossadegh and established the Shah who had been forced to flee after the first coup attempt against Mossadegh failed. After the success of this second coup, Pahlavi Shah was allowed to return to power but as a de facto autocrat who was sympathetic to both the United States and the United Kingdom. Shah remained in power until 1979 when he was overthrown. The Shah’s policies When Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne, he wanted to carry on with his father’s reforms but failed to do so because of a contest for control of the government that erupted between him and Mossadegh. He became involved with the affairs of the government and opposed the prime minister, and as a result established himself as a very important ally of the west (Rehan, 4). For example, in 1976 he disregarded the Islamic tradition by changing the Islamic calendar to imperial calendar when he marked Cyrus’ birth as day one as opposed to Prophet Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina. Nevertheless, in the country Pahlavi advocated reform policies, culminatin g in the 1963 white revolution, which included eradication of illiteracy, land reforms and the expansion of voting rights to women (Rehan, 5). He also allocated oil revenues to various agencies and projects, and directly supervised the Iran’s security organizations and armed forces. The Effects on the Shah’s Policies on the People Although some of the shah’s policies were of great benefit to the country, most of them especially the white revolution policy received great oppositions. The policies provoked religious leaders and caused civil unrest in the country. The religious leaders were against the policies because of the fear of losing their traditional authority over the shah. The growing uncertainty of the shah’s rule also provoked the intellectuals who were seeking democratic reforms. His ties with the United States and the British was also strongly opposed by the Iranians and considered as anti-Islamic (Rehan, 5). The Revolution Causes of the Revolu tion The causes of the 1979 revolution are unclear and remain a subject of historical debate. However, as indicated in most historical books, the revolution occurred as a result of the people of Iran being fed up with the Shah’s rule which was characterized by corruption, ill-conceived modernization programs, suppression of civil liberties and western loyalties (World Savvy Monitor, par 5). The Shah was considered by many to be a puppet of the western power, oppressive, corrupt,

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOCIAL CONTRACT (OR NEGATIVE Essay

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SOCIAL CONTRACT (OR NEGATIVE FREEDOM)MODEL OF THE STATE AND HEGEL'S OWN MODEL OF IT - Essay Example The State is the form of expression of the people in an objective form that exists for them as knowers. Therefore possession under such a model of State would mean that property would belong to a person only to the extent recognized by others, and is a part of man’s struggle for recognition.(Hegel 439). The Hegelian model holds that the highest values and best traditions of a society can be politically embodied and expressed by the State. For Hegel, the State is universally altruistic, hence the interests of the State transcend those of the individual, because it is a means for a group of individuals to relate to each other out of a common will to live with other human beings in a community. (Avineri 134). The State is the ultimate embodiment of the amalgamation of the rational laws that govern a people and their subjective wills. The Social Contract Model is also founded upon the premise of recognition by others, however it is based upon those principles of social justice which individuals would adopt voluntarily in the absence of self interest. It does not view the State as the all encompassing, highest political expression of human interest; rather the laws that govern the State are formulated on the basis of principles that are commonly agreed to among people. In adopting principles to establish and govern their social institutions, certain limits will be set on individual freedom in order to ensure justice to everyone. However, within this framework, the model is formulated, consisting of initial conditions, the bargaining situation with actual proposals and the resulting social contract.(Rummel, 1981). Rawls articulates these principles of formulation of the State on the basis of social contract as follows: â€Å"No society can of course, be a scheme of cooperation which people enter voluntarily in a literal sense; †¦.yet a society satisfying the principles of justice as fairness comes as close as a society can to being a voluntary

Diversification Strategies of Southwest Airlines Essay - 1

Diversification Strategies of Southwest Airlines - Essay Example A component of the great strength the Southwest Airlines encompasses is the immense understanding of the Herb which has consistently adhered to a pattern of maintaining low costs in all the places it has gone. The Southwest Airline centers on culture, leadership, communication, hiring practices and interviewing, as well as, the games that are used to motivate the employees of the airline. These areas best portray the company that has created success through inspiration after widespread research by the group. The understanding of Southwest’s leadership has allowed for the structuring, management, as well as, the motivation of employees. Leadership at the Southwest Airlines has played a paramount responsibility in the company’s success. The definitions of leadership, whereas true in the majority of cases, are implemented extremely liberally at the Southwest Airlines. Leadership is a manner of life, desire, culture, as well as, dedication at the Southwest Airlines. Southwe st focuses on individuals as people and recognizes them as valuable assets to the company. Numerous businesses in the USA make use of performance measurements to scrutinize the actual performance. Other companies maintain such metrics through functional area to make certain of the functional answerability. Southwest considers functional answerability as a lead to the finger pointing involving departments (Lauer, 2010). Southwest Airlines’ team of management emphasizes a straightforward going hassle-free corporate style which grants employees extensive independence of operation. The culture of Southwest that lays emphasis on the employees to be the â€Å"first customers" of the airline, as well as, passengers to be the subsequent, has been fundamental to the accomplishment of Southwest. Southwest desires to put forward a unique, as well as, a fun experience to all the customers (Grubbs-West, 2005).  The philosophy of Southwest, in addition to the shared goals and knowledge, also encompasses mutual respect. The expectation of Southwest is that every person's job includes assisting colleagues with their job whenever necessary. Through provision of greater work flexibility, Southwest Company has the belief that it advances labor productivity, as well as, providing them with a competitive benefit.  

Economics and ethics Essay Example for Free

Economics and ethics Essay Describe the tension that exists in businesses today between economics and ethics. Do you think that there really does have to be a tradeoff between economics and ethics? What strategies can be implemented to avoid this tension? Provide examples and research to support your thinking. The reading by Tima Bansal describes the back and forth tension of economics versus ethics. The article states, â€Å"On the one hand, social programs come at an economic cost and firms should not engage in activities that do not have a clear return. On the other hand, economic returns create social costs (Bansal, 2005).† The author then proceeds to explain that this tradeoff between ethics and economics isn’t necessary and that companies should find the overlapping space where activities are both financially profitable, and socially and environmentally responsible (Bansal, 2005) I agree with the author that companies need to be smart and make good decisions and it may take more effort, but if the effort is given the reward will be worth it. I don’t think a tradeoff is necessary if the effort is put forth like in the examples the author gives. By having cross-functional team meetings or involving the shareholders through community involvement in the two examples provided, the companies were able to meet the middle ground and maintain their responsibility (Bansal, 2005). I work for a small company and every month a charitable organization is supported through donations and the company matches what the employees contribute. I think it’s nice to have this involvement. With so many options, the company may have a tough time deciding on where it should contribute to society, but by letting the employees have a voice, they can openly affect those organizations that the employees feel would impact the most. Bansal, T. (2005). Building sustainable value through fiscal and social responsibility. Ivey Business Journal. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/building-sustainable-value-through-fiscal-and-social-responsibility/ Final Project Milestone #2: The Three Spheres In a journal post titled 2-2: The Three Spheres, explain how your chosen company has demonstrated corporate citizenship in the economic, political, and civil spheres. Provide specific examples. Be sure to examine what the company says about itself, what you have experienced, and what other stakeholders have said or experienced. Cite at least two sources. This milestone will be graded using the Journal Rubric. Be sure to clearly address the questions in the prompt in your journal entry. The post should be at least 350-500 words, applying relevant research, citing at least two sources in each entry. Be as clear and scholarly as you can in your writing style; and of course, be sure your entry is free of errors in organization and grammar. Courtney Croce 2.2: The Three Spheres Target Corporation The three spheres of corporate social responsibility include economical, political, and civic. To achieve and maintain profitability, it’s said that corporations must learn to operate successfully within all three. Economics includes initiatives that help increase profits to the shareholders. Politics includes abiding by rules and laws and business power in society. Civil surrounds enhancing lives of the shareholders. Economically, Target has reduced it’s packaging on many levels of the items it sells. They also began using flexible envelopes in shipping online orders, which reduced packaging by 89 percent. As a result they expect to ship 50000 fewer pounds of cardboard every year. Other than offering lower prices Target wants its products to be made with integrity by qualified vendors who treat workers well, who obey the law, and whose processes minimize their effect on the environment. They’ve begun to do this by working closely with their vendors and setting clear expectations through Standards of Vendor Engagement. They require all vendors to behave to the principles they’ve established and they monitor their progress. Target starts with the basics from the political standpoint, which is ensuring they are abiding by every law and regulation that pertains to the business. They also expect all team members to behave with personal and professional integrity. To support their team members they clearly list the requirements in the Business Conduct Guide, they have a dedicated Corporate Compliance and Ethics Team, have teams focused on building and sustaining business compliance programs and offer integrity training. All of these initiatives help ensure that everyone at Target is abiding by the laws and regulations. Target’s civil responsibility is currently focusing on education. They have set a goal to $1 billion to education by the end of 2015. They have started doing several things like donating books, and providing food pantries for families to help set students, parents, and teachers up for success. They’ve decided to focus on education after gathering information from their customers indicating that that is a popular concern amongst. The EVP also expressed concerns about the reading level and that those who are unable to read by the age of three are less likely to graduate. https://corporate.target.com/corporate-responsibility/education https://corporate.target.com/_media/TargetCorp/csr/pdf/2013-corporate-responsibility-report.pdf

A Report About Bloods Vs Crips

A Report About Bloods Vs Crips My exam paper is about one of the biggest gang wars in the whole world: The Bloods versus The Crips. The reason I have chosen this subject is because not so many people are aware of whats going on between those two gangs. There are more gangs who are sometimes involved in this war, such as MS-13 (Florence 13) and the KKK (Ku Klux Klan), but the arguments with these groups arent half as worse as the war between the Bloods and the Crips. The MS 13 is a Mexican gang. They are the one of the most dangerous gangs in the whole world, sais the FBI. They mostly operate in Mexico, but also in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and in Nicaragua. In the US they operate in states as Texas and California. The Ku Klux Klan is a group of people who are very racial against outsiders. They mostly hate black people (à   Bloods and Cribs), because they werent happy about the decision back in the days that all black people were free. But the do not only hate black people, they also hate other people with a color, people who are anti-catholic and Jews. Sometimes these people get killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan. But as I was saying, the conflicts with these groups arent half as bas as the conflicts between the Bloods and the Cribs. Everyday people die because of these conflicts. Also everyday more and more people become members of these groups. The two groups operate especially in the West coast and in the South coast, mostly in Los Angeles and Compton. First Im going to give you some information about The Crips, than Im going to give you some information about The Bloods. The Crips TheCrips(Community Revolution In Progress) are a primarily, but not exclusively,African Americangang. They were founded inLos Angeles, Californiain 1971 by Raymond WashingtonandStanley Williams. File:Stanley Tookie Williams mugshot.jpgStanley Tookie Williams met Raymond Lee Washington in 1969, and the two decided to unite their local gang members from the west and east sides ofSouth Central Los Angelesin order to battle neighboring street gangs. Most of the members were very young.Some of them werent even 18 years old yet. The most of them were African American, but there were also Mexican people who joined there group. Stanley Tookie Williams(December 29, 1953 December 13, 2005) was born inNew Orleans,Louisiana andwas one of the two leaders of the Crips. In 1979 he was condemned of four murders that he committed during robberies and he went to prison for the rest of his life. In jail, he write many books about his live and other things, like books including anti-gang and violence literature. Tookie Williams was asked to help the police with the investigation to get the criminals of his gang, but he refused to help and was involved with many attacks on guards, tried to escape a couple, but there wasnt any evidence that he planned this. In 1993, Williams began making changes in his behavior, and became an anti-gang activist while onDeath Row inCalifornia. He renounced his gang affiliation and apologized for his role in founding the Crips. He also co-wrote childrens books and participated in efforts intended to prevent youths from joining gangs.[1]A biographical TV-movie entitledRedemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Storywas made in 2004, and featuredJamie Foxxas Williams. On December 13, 2005, Williams was executed bylethal injectionafterclemencyand a four-week stay of execution were both rejected byGovernorArnold Schwarzenegger, amidst debate over thedeath penaltyand whether Williams anti-gang advocacy in prison represented genuine atonement. Williams was the second inmate in California to be executed in 2005. The original name for the alliance was Cribs, a name that was chosen from a list with many options and chosen unanimously from three final choices, which included the Black Overlords, and the Assassins. Cribs was chosen to reflect the young age of the majority of the gang members. The name Cribs turned into the name Crips when gang members began carrying around canes to display their pimp status. People in the neighborhood then began calling them cripples, or Crips for short.ALos Angeles Sentinelarticle in February 1972 referred to some members as Crips (for cripples).[1]The name had no political, organizational, cryptic, oracronymicmeaning. Williams, in his memoir, further discounted claims that the group was a spin-off of theBlack Panther Partyor formed for a community agenda, the name depicted a fighting alliance against street gangs—nothing more, nothing less, Williams wrote.[9]Washington, who attended Fremont High School, was the leader of the East Side Crips, and William s, who attended Washington High School, led the West Side Crips. Williams recalled that a blue bandanna was first worn by Crips founding member Buddha, as a part of his color-coordinated clothing of blue Levis, a blue shirt, and dark blue suspenders. A blue bandanna was worn in memorium to Buddha after he was shot and killed on February 23, 1973, which eventually became the color of blue associated with Crips.[9] The Crips became popular throughout southernLos Angelesas more youth gangs joined; at one point they outnumbered non-Crip gangs by 3 to 1, sparking disputes with non-Crip gangs, including the L.A. Brims, Athens Park Boys, the Bishops, The Drill Company, and the Denver Lanes. By 1971 the gangs notoriety had spread across Los Angeles. Initially Crips leaders did not occupy leadership positions, but were recognized as leaders because of their personal charisma and influence. These leaders gave priority to expanding the gangs membership to increase its power. By 1978, there were 45 Crips gangs, called sets, operating inLos Angeles. The gang became increasingly violent as they attempted to expand their turf. By the early 1980s the gang was heavily involved with drug trade.[15]Some of these Crips sets began to produce and distributePCP(phencyclidine) within the city. They also began to distributemarijuanaandamphetaminein Los Angeles. In the early 1980s Crips sets began distributing crack cocaine in Los Angeles. The huge profits resulting fromcrack cocainedistribution induced many Crips members to establish new markets in other cities and states. In addition, many young men in other states adopted the Crips name and lifestyle. As a result of these two factors, Crips membership increased throughout the 1980s, making it one of the largest street gang associations in the country.[1]In 1999, there were at least 600 Crips sets with more than 30,000 members transporting drugs in theUnited States.[1] The Crips are one of the largest and most violent associations of street gangs in the United States of America. Crips has over 800 sets with 30,000 to 35,000 members and associate members, including more than 13,000 members in Los Angeles. The states with the highest estimated number of Crips sets areCalifornia,Missouri,OklahomaandTexas. Membership typically consists of young African American men, with members beingwhite,HispanicandAsian The gang is known to be involved inmurders, robberies, anddrugdealing, among many othercriminalpursuits. The gang is known for its gang members use of the colorbluein their clothing. The Crips are publicly known to have an intense and bitter rivalry with theBloodsand other little feuds with othergangs.Crips have been documented in theU.S. military, found in bases in the United States and abroad. There is a movie about the creator of the Crips, Stanley ‘Tookie Williams The Bloods The Bloods gang was formed initially to compete against the influence of theCripsinLos Angeles.[5]The origin of the Bloods and their rivalry with the Crips dates to the 1970s, where thePirusstreet gang, originally a set, or faction, of the Crips,[6][7]broke off during an internal gang war, and allied with other smaller gangs to found the gang that would eventually become known as the Bloods.[5]At the time, Crips sets outnumbered Bloods sets by three to one. To assert their power despite this difference in numbers, Bloods sets became increasingly violent, especially against rival Crips members.[1]The Pirus are therefore considered to be the original founders of the Bloods.[5]During the rise ofcrack cocaine, the gangs focus shifted to drug production. Bloods sets operate independently of each other, and are currently located in almost all States.[5]Blood sets on the East Coast are often seen as affiliated with theUnited Blood Nation, a gang which originated inRikers Island.[5] The United Blood Nation, simply called the Bloods, formed in 1993, within the New York City jail system on Rikers Islands GMDC (George Mochen Detention Center), sometimes called C 73. GMDC was used to segregate problem inmates from the rest of the detention center. Prior to this time period, the Latin Kings were the most prevalent and organized gang in the NYC jail system. TheLatin Kings, with mostlyHispanicmembers, were targeting African American inmates with violence. These African American inmates, organized by some of the more violent and charismatic inmates, formed a protection group which they called the United Blood Nation. This United Blood Nation, which was actually a prison gang, was emulating the Bloods street gangs in Los Angeles, California. Several of the leaders of this recently created prison gang formed eight original Blood sets to recruit in their neighborhoods across New York City.[8] By 1996, thousands of members of the Blood street gang were establishing themselves as a formidable force among gangs and continued a steady drive for recruitment. At this time, the Bloods were more violent than other gangs but much less organized. Numerous slashings (razor blade or knife attacks) were reported during robberies and discovered to be initiations into the Bloods. This Blood in ritual became the trademark for the Bloods. Bloods recruited throughout the East Coast.[9] Membership Bloods refers to a loosely structured association of smaller street gangs, known as â€Å"sets,† which has adopted a common gang culture. Each set has its own leader and generally operates independently from the others. Most Bloods members are African American males, although some sets have recruited female members as well as members from other races and ethnic backgrounds. Members range in age from early teens to mid-twenties, however some hold leadership positions into their late twenties and occasionally thirties. There is no known national leader of the Bloods but individual Bloods sets have a hierarchical leadership structure with identifiable levels of membership. These levels of membership indicate status within a gang. A leader, typically an older member with a more extensive criminal background, runs each set. A set leader is not elected but rather asserts himself by developing and managing the gangs criminal enterprises through his reputation for violence and ruthlessness and through his personal charisma. The majority of set members are called â€Å"Soldiers,† who are typically between the ages of 16 and 22. Soldiers have a strong sense of commitment to their set and are extremely dangerous because of their willingness to use violence both to obtain the respect of gang members and to respond to any person who â€Å"disrespects† the set. â€Å"Associates† are not full members, but they identify with the gang and take part in various criminal activities. To the exten t that women belong to the gang, they are usually associate members and tend to be used by their male counterparts to carry weapons, hold drugs, or prostitute themselves to make money for their set. Recruitment is often influenced by a recruitees environment. Bloods recruit heavily among school-age youth in predominantly poor African American communities. Gang membership offers youth a sense of belonging and protection. It also offers immediate gratification to economically disadvantaged youth who view the trappings of gang life: gold jewelry, cash, expensive sports clothing.[1] Identification The Gang symbol of theBloods, as the sign reads the word blood Bloods members identify themselves through various gang indicators such as colors, clothing, symbols, tattoos, jewelry, graffiti, language, and hand signs. The Bloods gang color is red. They like to wear sports clothing, including team â€Å"Starter† jackets that show their gang color. Some of their favorite teams include the San Francisco Forty Niners, the Philadelphia Phillies, and the Chicago Bulls. They are also known to wear Dallas Cowboys clothing, whose logo contains a five-pointed star. The most commonly used Bloods symbols include the number â€Å"5,† the five pointed star, and the five pointed crown. These symbols are meant to show the Bloods affiliation with the People Nation, a large coalition of affiliates created to protect alliance members within the federal and state prison systems. These symbols may be seen in the tattoos, jewelry, and clothing that gang members wear as well as in gang graffiti, which is used by the Bloods to mark their territory. Many graffiti include gang name, nicknames, declaration of loyalty, threats against rival gangs, or a description of criminal acts in which the gang has been involved. Bloods graffiti might also include the word â€Å"Piru† which refers to the fact that the first known Bloods gang was formed by individuals from Piru Street inCompton, California. Finally, Bloods graffiti might include rival gang symbols (particularly those of the Crips) that are drawn upside down. This is meant as an insult to the rival group and its symbols. Bloods members also have a unique slang. Bloods greet each other using the word â€Å"Blood† and often avoid using words with the letter â€Å"C.† Finally, Bloods use hand signs to communicate with one another. Hand signs may be a singular movement, like the American Sign Language letter â€Å"B,† or a series of movements using one or both hands for more complex phrases. United Blood Nation (UBN) or East Coast Bloods initiates often receive a dog-paw mark, represented by three dots often burned with a cigarette, on their right shoulder. Other UBN symbols include a bulldog and a bull.[1] Alliances and rivals Bloods consider themselves allies with members of thePeople Nationand rivals of all gangs associated with the Folk Nation gang alliance. These alliances were established in the 1980s to protect alliance members within the federal and state prison systems. The People Nation alliance includes Black Peace Stones, Cobra Stones, Insane Popes, Gaylords, Future Stones, Insane Unknown, King Cobras, Latin Counts, Latin Dragons,Latin Kings, Latin Pachucos, Latin Saints, Spanish Lords, and Vice Lord Nation. TheFolk Nationalliance members (and thus, Bloods rivals) include the Bloods biggest rival, theCrips, as well as many other gangs, including theGangster Disciples, the Black Disciples, and the Black Gangsters. In some instances, Bloods and UBN sets will associate with traditional rival gangs, such as the Crips or the Latin Kings, when such associations benefit the criminal enterprises of both gangs.[1] In Los Angeles and other urban areas in the United States, the formation of street gangs increased at an alarming pace throughout the 1980s and 1990s.The Bloods and the Crips, the most well-known gangs of Los Angeles, are predominately African American[1]and they have steadily increased in number since their beginnings in 1969.In addition, there areapproximately600 Hispanic gangs in Los Angeles County with a growing Asian gang population numbering approximately 20,000 members. Surprisingly, little has been written about the historical background of black gangs in Los Angeles (LA).Literature and firsthand interviews with Los Angeles residents seem to point to three significant periods relevant to the development of the contemporary black gangs.The first period, which followed WWII and significant black migrations from the South, is when the first major black clubs formed.After the Watts rebellion of 1965, the second period gave way to the civil rights period of Los Angeles where blacks, including those who where former club members who became politically active for the remainder of the 1960s.By the early 1970s black street gangs began to reemerge.By 1972, the Crips were firmly established and the Bloods were beginning to organize.This period saw the rise of LAs newest gangs, which continued to grow during the 1970s, and later formed in several other cities throughout the United States by the 1990s.While black gangs do not make up the largest or most active gang population in Los Angeles today, their influence on street gang culture nationally has been profound. In order to better understand the rise of these groups, I went into the original neighborhoods to document the history which led to these groups.There are 88 incorporated cities and dozens of other unincorporated places in Los Angeles County (LAC). In the process of conducting this research, I visited all of these places in an attempt to not just identify gangs active in Los Angeles, but to determine their territories. Through several weeks of field work and research conducted in 1996, I identified 274 black gangs in 17 cities and four unincorporated areas in LAC. Post WWIIto 1965 The first major period of black gangs in Los Angeles began in the late 1940s and ended in 1965.There were black gangs in Los Angeles prior to this period, but they were small in numbers; little is known about the activity of these groups.Some of the black groups that existed in Los Angeles in the late 1920s and 1930s werethe Boozies, Goodlows, Blogettes, Kelleys, and theDriver Brothers.Most of these groups were family oriented, and they referred to themselves as clubs.[2]Max Bond (1936:270) wrote briefly about a black gang of 15-year-old kids from the Central Avenue area that mostly stole automobile accessories and bicycles.It was not until the late 1940s that the first major black clubs surfaced on the East side[3]of Los Angeles near Jefferson High School in the Central Avenue area.This was the original settlement area of blacks in Los Angeles.South of 92ndStreet in Watts and in the Jefferson Park/West Adams area on the West side, there were significant black populations.By 1960 sev eral black clubs were operating on the West side[4]of Los Angeles, an area that had previously restricted black residents during the 1940s. Several of the first black clubs to emerge in the late 1940s and early 1950s formed initially as a defensive reaction to combat much of the white violence that had been plaguing the black community for several years.In the surrounding communities of the original black ghetto of Central Avenue and Watts, and in the cities of Huntington Park and South Gate, white Angelenos were developing a dissatisfaction for the growing black population that was migrating from the South during WWII.During the 1940s, resentment from the white community grew as several blacks challenged the legal housing discrimination laws that prevented them from purchasing property outside the original settlement neighborhoods and integrate into the public schools.Areas outside of the original black settlement of Los Angeles were neighborhoods covered by legally enforced, racially restrictive covenants or deed restrictions.This practice, adapted by white homeowners, was established in 1922 and was designed to mainta in social and racial homogeneity of neighborhoods by denying non-whites access to property ownership. By the 1940s, such exclusionary practices made much of Los Angeles off-limits to most minorities (Bond 1936; Davis 1990:161,273; Dymski and Veitch 1996:40).This process contributed to increasing homogeneity of communities in Los Angeles, further exacerbating racial conflict between whites and blacks, as the latter existed in mostly segregated communities.From 1940 to 1944, there was over a 100 percent increase in the black population of Los Angeles, and ethnic and racial paranoia began to develop among white residents. Chronic overcrowding was taking a toll, and housing congestion became a serious problem, as blacks were forced to live in substandard housing (Collins 1980:26).From 1945-1948, black residents continually challenged restrictive covenants in several court cases in an effort to move out of the dense,overcrowdedblackcommunity.Theseattemptsresultedinviolentclashes between whites and blacks (Collins 1980:30).The Ku Klux Klan resurfaced during the 1940s, 20 years after their presence faded during the late 1920s (Adler 1977; Collins 1980), and white youths were forming street clubs to battle integration of the community and schools of black residents. In Huntington Park, Bell, and South Gate, towns that were predominately white, teenagers formed some of the early street clubs during the 1940s. One of the most infamous clubs of that time was theSpook Hunters, a group of white teenagers that often attacked black youths. If blacks were seen outside of the black settlement area, which was roughly bounded by Slauson to the South, Alameda Avenue to the east, and Main[5]Street to the west, they were often attacked. The name of this club emphasized their racist attitude towards blacks, as â€Å"Spook† is a derogatory term used to identify blacks and â€Å"Hunters† highlighted their desire to attack blacks as their method of fighting integration and promoting residential segregation. Their animosity towards blacks was publicly known; the back of their club jackets displayed an animated black face with exaggerated facial features and a noose hanging around the neck. TheSpookHunterswould often cross Alameda traveling west to vi olently attack black youths from the area.In Thrashers study of Chicago gangs, he observed a similar white gang in Chicago during the 1920s, theDirty Dozens,who often attacked black youths with knives, blackjacks, and revolvers because of racial differences (Thrasher 1963:37).Raymond Wright was one of the founders of a black club called theBusinessmen,a large East side club based at South Park between Slauson Avenue and Vernon Avenue.He stated that â€Å"you couldnt pass Alameda, because those white boys in South Gate would set you on fire,†[6]and fear of attack among black youths was not, surprisingly, common. In 1941, white students at Fremont High School threatened blacks by burning them in effigy and displaying posters saying, â€Å"we want no niggers at this school† (Bunch 1990: 118).There were racial confrontations at Manual Arts High School on Vermont and 42ndStreet, and at Adams High School during the 1940s (Davis 1990:293).In 1943, conflicts between blacks and whites occurred at 5thand San Pedro Streets, resulting in a riot on Central Avenue (Bunch 1990:118).white clubs in Inglewood, Gardena, and on the West side engaged in similar acts, but theSpook Hunterswere the most violent of all white clubs in Los Angeles. The black youths in Aliso Village, a housing project in East Los Angeles, started a club called theDevil Huntersin response to theSpook Huntersand other white clubs that were engaging in violent confrontations with blacks.The term Devil reflected how blacks viewed racist whites and Ku Klux Klan members.TheDevil Huntersand other black residents fought back against white violence with their own form of violence.In 1944, nearly 100 frustrated black youths, who were denied jobs on the citys streetcar system, attacked a passing streetcar and assaulted several white passengers (Collins 1980: 29).During the late 1940s and early 1950s, other neighborhood clubs emerged to fight the white establishment.Members of theBusinessmenand other black clubs had several encounters with theSpook Huntersand other white clubs of the time. In Watts, several of the clubs were organized geographically by the housing projects in the area.The projects were built for war workers in the 1940s and were intended to be interracial.The first public housing project of Watts was the Hacienda Village: single-story units, built in 1942.In May 1944, the Imperial Courts (498 units) was built, and in September, Jordan Downs (700 units) was completed.In 1955, the most massive of all public housing projects was completed and named the Nickerson Gardens (1,100 units) (Bullock 1969:14-15).By the end of the 1950s, over one-third of the population of Watts lived in public housing (Bullock 1969:16). Clubs like theHunsand theFarmerswere active in the Watts housing projects. Several of these groups fought against the established white clubs for several years.As black clubs began to negotiate strategies to combat white intimidation and violence, the effectiveness of whites to fight against integration and residential segregation began to fail. Eventually white flight occurred, as white residents began to move into the growing suburban areas that flourished in the 1950s, leaving the city areas of South Los Angeles behind. This left the central city of Los Angeles as a primarily black enclave, with blacks accounting for 71 percent of the inner-city population (Brunn et al. 1993: 53). By 1960, the three separate communities of Watts, Central Ave, and West Adams had amalgamated into one continuous black settlement area where low, middle, and upper class black neighborhoods were adjoined into a single community. During the 1960s, conflicts among the black clubs were growing and, as more white residents continued to move and the white clubs began to fade, the black clubs moved from interracial violence to intraracial violence.TheGladiators, based at 54thStreet and Vermont Avenue, were the largest black club on the West side, and clashes between other black gangs were increasing as intra-racial violence between black club members was on the rise. By 1960 several clubs emerged onthe West side and rivalrybetween East side and West side clubs developed, along with infighting among clubs organized on the same side of town (Figure 4.1).TheBusinessmen(an East side club)hadarivalrywithboththeSlausons(an East side club) and the Gladiators (a West side club).Even though more than 50 percent of the gangs active in Los Angeles were Hispanic, black gangs represented a significant proportion of gang incidents that were rapidly increasing in numbers (Study of Delinquent Gangs1962: 1).During this time, dispu tes among these were handled by hand-to-hand combat and by the use of weapons, such as tire irons and knives, but murders were rare.In 1960, the six gang-related murders that occurred in Los Angeles were considered an extremely high number.At that point, black-on-black violence between the clubs was becoming a serious concern in Los Angeles.On the surface, the rivalry between East side and West side clubs was associated with altercations on the football field, disputes over girlfriends, and disagreements at parties, but most of their clashes were rooted in socioeconomic differences between the two.East side youths resented the upwardly mobile West side youths, because East side residents were viewed as economically inferior to those residents who lived on the West side.On the other hand, West side youths were considered less intimidating and lacking the skills to be street savvy and tough.In an effort to prove themselves equally tough, West side youths engaged in several confrontati ons with East side youths during the early 1960s. Several of these clubs fought against each other during this period, but in 1965 after the Watts Rebellion and under the leadership of several socially conscious organizations, most of the rivalry was eradicated. Young black youths moved towards being more politically aware and having greater concern for the social problems that plagued their community. Alprentice â€Å"Bunchy† Carter, a member of theSlausons, was successful in transforming several black youths of South Los Angeles into revolutionary soldiers against police brutality (Hilliard Cole 1993:218), and several other organizations were also contributing to the change. The Watts Riots of 1965 were considered â€Å"the Last Great Rumble,† as members of these groups dismissed old rivalries and supported each other against the despised Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) (Baker 1988:28; Davis 1990: 297). Paul Bullock wrote that a result of the riot activity in Watts was a movement to build organizations and inst itutions which were led by and entirely responsible to the [black] community (1969:69). Social-Political Period, 1965-1970 In the aftermath of the rebellion, young people, namely former club members from the community, began to build political institutions to contest social injustices, specifically police brutality, which sparked the 1965 Watts Riots.Following the Watts Riots, and throughout the rest of the 1960s, black groups were organizing and becoming politically radical. For nearly five years, beginning in 1965, there were almost no active black street gangs in Los Angeles. Several reports that black gang activity was on the decline began to circulate (Klein 1971: 22).According to Sergeant Warren Johnson, â€Å"during the mid and late 1960s, juvenile gang activity in black neighborhoods was scarcely visible to the public at large and of minimal concern to south-central residents† (Cohen 1972).It was the formation of these new movements that offered black youths a vehicle of positive identification and self-affirmation that occupied the time and energies that might have been spent in gang activity.A sense of cohesiveness began to form, along with self-worth and positive identification, as pride pervaded the black community (Los Angeles Times3/19/72). After the Rebellion in 1965, club members began to organize neighborhood political groups to monitor the LAPD and to document their treatment towards blacks. Ron Wilkins (ex-member of theSlausons), created theCommunity Action Patrol (CAP)to monitor police abuses (Davis 1990:297), and William Sampson (ex-member of theSlausons), along with Gerald Aubry (ex-member of theOrientals), started theSons of Watts,whose key function was to â€Å"police the police† (Obtola 1972:7). TheBstarted a chapter in Los Angeles shortly after Huey Newton, and Bobby Seale started the Party in Oakland, California, in 1966. The BPP in Los Angeles also organized both theblackon several high schools campuses in Los Angeles and theblack, a meeting place for black residents concerning community issues on Florence and Broadway in 1967. Ron Maulana Karenga organized a nationalistic group calledUS Organization,and Tommy Jacquette organized theSelf Leadership for All Nationalities Today (SLANT)in October of 19 66 (Bullock 1969:67; Tyler 1982: 222). After splitting away from the US Organization, Hakim Jamal started theMalcolm X Foundationin 1968, and Robaire Nyjuky founded theMarxist Leninist Maoist (MLM)which had an office on 78thStreet and San Pedro (Tyler 1983:237).Student Non-ViolentCoordinating Committee (SNCC), a national organization of black nationalists visited Los Angeles and opened an office on Central Avenue in 1967. Also during this period, Ron Karenga createdKwanza,a non-religious holiday that celebrates African heritage. All these groups were formed in the wake of the 1965 rebellion to provide political support to the civil rights movement that was gaining strength within the black community of Los Angeles.There were several other black nationalist groups in Los Angeles, but the Panthers and US Organization were considered to have the largest following and the most political influence in the black community of Los Angeles following the Watts Rebellion. The BPP heavily recruited members from theSlausons, an East side club, while the US Organization had a large a following from the West side clubs, including theGladiators,but members of both political groups came from a variety of different clubs from all over Los Angeles._____________Carter was elected president of the Los Angeles Chapter of the black Panther Party (BPP), whose